HEPATITIS AND ITS PREVENTION

HEPATITIS

This is the inflammation of the liver which leads to liver injury and damage

Viral Hepatitis is the inflammation of the liver by infectious viruses like HAV, HBV and HCV

Viral hepatitis, accounts for more than 50% of cases of acute hepatitis.

Hepatitis A Virus causes only acute hepatitis and does not progress to chronic hepatitis.

Hepatitis B & C causes both acute and chronic hepatitis

Patients who are chronically infected may go on to develop cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Hepatitis B & C Causes direct damage to the hepatocytes => Cirrhosis of the liver => Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) => Fulminant Hepatic Failure (FHF)

Chronic hepatitis carriers remain infectious and may transmit the disease for many years

The pathogenic hepatitis viruses includes HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV and HEV.

Whether HGV are pathogenic to humans remains unclear.

CAUSES OF HEPATITIS

Has various causes:

Infectious causes

Viral (HAV from consumption of contaminated food and water), HBV, HCV, HDV and HEV)

Bacterial

Fungal

Parasitic organisms

Noninfectious causes:

Alcohol

Drugs

Autoimmune disease

Metabolic  diseases.

HAV, HBV, and HCV are responsible for more than 90%  of cases of acute viral hepatitis.

HAV is the most common cause of acute hepatitis,

HCV is the most common cause of chronic hepatitis.

MODE OF TRANSMISSION

Fecal-oral transmission frequency:

HAV (+++)

HEV (+++)

Parenteral transmission frequency: Through needle pricks or blood transfusions or shared needles by I.V Drug users

HBV (+++)

HCV (+++)

HDV (++)

HGV (++)

HAV (+)

Sexual transmission frequency:

HBV (+++)

It is readily detected in serum, semen, vaginal mucus, saliva, and tears.

The virus is not detected in urine, stool, or sweat.

It is transmitted more easily than human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or HCV.

Infection is associated with vaginal intercourse,  genito-rectal intercourse, and oral-genital intercourse.

An estimated 30% of sexual partners of patients infected with HBV also contract HBV infection.

HBV cannot be transmitted through hugging, or household contact (e.g. sharing towels, eating utensils, or food). Sexual activity is estimated to account for as many as 50% of HBV cases

HDV (++) requires the presence of HBV to replicate. The sharing of contaminated needles in IV drug users is thought to be the most common means of transmitting HDV

HCV (+) transmitted via parenteral (needle prick and blood transfusions) and sexual intercourse.

HAV (+)  through sexual contact (anal-oral) in Gay. The virus spreads from person to person via the fecal-oral route. Contaminated water and food, including shellfish collected from sewage-contaminated water.

Perinatal transmission frequency:

HBV (+++)

HCV (+)

HDV (+)

Sporadic (unknown) transmission frequency:

HBV (+)

HCV (+)

HEV is the primary cause of enter ally transmitted None None (NANB) hepatitis. It is transmitted via the fecal-oral route.

It can also be transmitted vertically to the babies of HEV-infected mothers.

It is associated with a high neonatal mortality

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF HEPATITIS

Jaundice

Nausea

Vomiting

Anorexia

Abdominal pain

Fatigue

Malaise

Increased Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) values (>1000 U/L)

Hyperbilirubinaemia

COMPLICATIONS

Severe acute hepatitis may lead to:

Acute liver failure

Fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) (acute liver failure + hepatic encephalopathy)

Chronic hepatitis may lead to:

Liver Cirrhosis                                                                                               

Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)

End stage liver disease => Death

PREVENTION

For HAV

Personal hygiene

Avoid patronizing food vendors

Avoid Oro- Anal sex

For HBV

Avoid needle pricks for health workers

Avoid sharing of needles, toothbrush and razor

If you are single total abstinence from sexual intercourse

If married stick to your partner

Avoid multiple sexual partners

Avoid indiscriminate oral sex

For HCV AND HDV

Just like HBV

For HEV

Just like HAV

 IF YOU HAVE THESE SYMPTOMS AND YOU HAVE BEEN LOOKING FOR SOLUTIONS TO THESE SYMPTOMS I ASSURE YOU THAT YOUR SOLUTION IS HERE

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