HEART DISEASES AND ITS PREVENTIONS

HEART DISEASES

The heart is the hardest working muscle in the body.

The average heart beats about 100,000 times per day i.e. it beats about 4170 times per hour

It is known as the human pump

Heart diseases are commonly known as Coronary artery disease (CAD)

CAD is a condition that occurs as a result of accumulation of cholesterol + calcium + fats within the Coronary arteries.

It leads to sudden cardiac arrest or death

RISK FACTORS FOR HEART DISEASES

High cholesterol intake

Diabetes

Heart disease in 1st degree relative

Obesity (BMI > 30kg/m2)

High blood pressure

Smoking and alcohol drinking

Peripheral artery disease (PAD)

Sedentary lifestyle

Experiencing emotional distress or being “stressed out”

SYMPTOMS OF HEART DISEASE

It differs from person to person. Symptomatic individuals experience chest pain or breathlessness and they have a chance to receive life-saving treatment in a hospital.  Asymptomatic individuals unfortunately has sudden cardiac arrest and death as the first symptoms of heart disease they experience.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF HEART DISEASE

Persistent headache

Dizziness

Blurred vision

Insomnia

Breathlessness

Palpitations

Chest pain

Left arm pain

Neck pain

Jaw pain

Left sided low Back pain

Hepatomegaly

Abdominal pains

Ascites

Fatigue

Bilateral leg swelling

COMPLICATIONS OF HEART DISEASE

CNS COMPLICATIONS :

TIA

STROKE

Hypertensive Encephalopathy (severe hypertension + neurological symptoms = loss of consciousness, Disorientation, convulsions and speech disturbances)

Subarachnoid haemorrhage

 EYE COPLICATIONS :

Retinopathy

Blindness

HEART COMPLICATIONS :

Myocardial infarction or Angina pectoris

abnormal heart sounds

KIDNEY COMPLICATIONS:

Renal stenosis

Renal failure

PREVENTION OF HEART DISEASES

 low cholesterol intake

reduce fatty foods like fries and take more of fruits and vegetables.

Cholesterol-lowering foods such as beans, soy beans, garlic, avocados, and olive oil.

Boost levels of HDL “good” cholesterol by eating nuts like Walnuts and almonds but limit your serving to a small handful as nuts are high in calories.

Omega-3 fatty acids.

Diabetes

Avoid sugary foods as they promote heart disease and other chronic conditions like diabetes

If you have diabetes control it as high blood sugar is damaging to the heart.

High blood pressure

Control it as it is damaging to the heart

Exercise lowers blood pressure, and strengthens the heart muscle.

Obesity

Exercise

Quit Smoking and alcohol drinking

Abstain from cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking

Stop Sedentary lifestyle

Experiencing emotional distress or being “stressed out.

 IF YOU HAVE THESE SYMPTOMS AND YOU HAVE BEEN LOOKING FOR SOLUTIONS TO THESE SYMPTOMS I ASSURE YOU THAT YOUR SOLUTION IS HERE

 SIMPLY CONTACT ME BECAUSE I'M A SPECIALIST IN THIS FIELD

YOU CAN REACH ME ON:

NAME- DR ONWUEGBUCHULAM ONYEKACHI

PHONE NO- +2348035689655

EMAIL - mentalhealthsolutions1981@gmail.com

SKYPE- kachiben19811 

WHATSAPP- +2348035689655

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HEPATITIS AND ITS PREVENTION

HEPATITIS

This is the inflammation of the liver which leads to liver injury and damage

Viral Hepatitis is the inflammation of the liver by infectious viruses like HAV, HBV and HCV

Viral hepatitis, accounts for more than 50% of cases of acute hepatitis.

Hepatitis A Virus causes only acute hepatitis and does not progress to chronic hepatitis.

Hepatitis B & C causes both acute and chronic hepatitis

Patients who are chronically infected may go on to develop cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Hepatitis B & C Causes direct damage to the hepatocytes => Cirrhosis of the liver => Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) => Fulminant Hepatic Failure (FHF)

Chronic hepatitis carriers remain infectious and may transmit the disease for many years

The pathogenic hepatitis viruses includes HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV and HEV.

Whether HGV are pathogenic to humans remains unclear.

CAUSES OF HEPATITIS

Has various causes:

Infectious causes

Viral (HAV from consumption of contaminated food and water), HBV, HCV, HDV and HEV)

Bacterial

Fungal

Parasitic organisms

Noninfectious causes:

Alcohol

Drugs

Autoimmune disease

Metabolic  diseases.

HAV, HBV, and HCV are responsible for more than 90%  of cases of acute viral hepatitis.

HAV is the most common cause of acute hepatitis,

HCV is the most common cause of chronic hepatitis.

MODE OF TRANSMISSION

Fecal-oral transmission frequency:

HAV (+++)

HEV (+++)

Parenteral transmission frequency: Through needle pricks or blood transfusions or shared needles by I.V Drug users

HBV (+++)

HCV (+++)

HDV (++)

HGV (++)

HAV (+)

Sexual transmission frequency:

HBV (+++)

It is readily detected in serum, semen, vaginal mucus, saliva, and tears.

The virus is not detected in urine, stool, or sweat.

It is transmitted more easily than human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or HCV.

Infection is associated with vaginal intercourse,  genito-rectal intercourse, and oral-genital intercourse.

An estimated 30% of sexual partners of patients infected with HBV also contract HBV infection.

HBV cannot be transmitted through hugging, or household contact (e.g. sharing towels, eating utensils, or food). Sexual activity is estimated to account for as many as 50% of HBV cases

HDV (++) requires the presence of HBV to replicate. The sharing of contaminated needles in IV drug users is thought to be the most common means of transmitting HDV

HCV (+) transmitted via parenteral (needle prick and blood transfusions) and sexual intercourse.

HAV (+)  through sexual contact (anal-oral) in Gay. The virus spreads from person to person via the fecal-oral route. Contaminated water and food, including shellfish collected from sewage-contaminated water.

Perinatal transmission frequency:

HBV (+++)

HCV (+)

HDV (+)

Sporadic (unknown) transmission frequency:

HBV (+)

HCV (+)

HEV is the primary cause of enter ally transmitted None None (NANB) hepatitis. It is transmitted via the fecal-oral route.

It can also be transmitted vertically to the babies of HEV-infected mothers.

It is associated with a high neonatal mortality

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF HEPATITIS

Jaundice

Nausea

Vomiting

Anorexia

Abdominal pain

Fatigue

Malaise

Increased Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) values (>1000 U/L)

Hyperbilirubinaemia

COMPLICATIONS

Severe acute hepatitis may lead to:

Acute liver failure

Fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) (acute liver failure + hepatic encephalopathy)

Chronic hepatitis may lead to:

Liver Cirrhosis                                                                                               

Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)

End stage liver disease => Death

PREVENTION

For HAV

Personal hygiene

Avoid patronizing food vendors

Avoid Oro- Anal sex

For HBV

Avoid needle pricks for health workers

Avoid sharing of needles, toothbrush and razor

If you are single total abstinence from sexual intercourse

If married stick to your partner

Avoid multiple sexual partners

Avoid indiscriminate oral sex

For HCV AND HDV

Just like HBV

For HEV

Just like HAV

 IF YOU HAVE THESE SYMPTOMS AND YOU HAVE BEEN LOOKING FOR SOLUTIONS TO THESE SYMPTOMS I ASSURE YOU THAT YOUR SOLUTION IS HERE

 SIMPLY CONTACT ME BECAUSE I'M A SPECIALIST IN THIS FIELD

YOU CAN REACH ME ON:

NAME- DR ONWUEGBUCHULAM ONYEKACHI

PHONE NO- +2348035689655

EMAIL - mentalhealthsolutions1981@gmail.com

SKYPE- kachiben19811 

WHATSAPP- +2348035689655

MY BBM PIN - D1C58FC5 OR 7be1e956

DIABETES AND ITS PREVENTION

DIABETES

Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic condition due to deficient insulin production by the beta cells of the islet of Langerhans of the pancreas or the inability of the body cell receptors to respond to available insulin and is associated with raised blood sugar, glycosuria and multiple end-organ damage.

Diabetes Insipidus is a rare condition due to ADH deficiency or the inability of the kidneys to respond to the ADH

CLASSIFICATIONS / TYPES OF DIABETES

Diabetes is broadly classified into 2

Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

Diabetes Insipidus (DI)

Diabetes Mellitus(DM)= Due to insulin deficiency or non response of the body cells receptors to insulin= There are 4 Subtypes types

Type 1 DM= IDDM OR Juvenile DM. Occurs in 10% of cases

Type 2 DM= NIDDM OR Adult onset DM. Occurs in 80% of cases

Type 3 DM = Malnutrition related DM. Occurs in 5% of cases

Gestation DM= pregnancy induced DM. Occurs in the remaining 5% of cases

Diabetes Insipidus=2 Subtypes=

Central DI due to ADH ( vasopressin) deficiency due to pituitary gland damage

Nephrogenic DI = due to non response of the kidneys to ADH which could be genetic or acquired ( due to kidney diseases like polycystic kidney disease) and drugs ( like lithium)

CAUSES OF DIABETES

Type 1 DM= Genetic = Autoimmune damage of the beta cells of the islet of Langerhans of the pancreas (Triggers of the autoimmune damage are viruses (eg, enterovirus, mumps, rubella, and coxsackievirus ), toxic chemicals, exposure to cow’s milk in infancy especially before 3 months of age).

Type 2 DM =Genetic= Autoimmune damage of the insulin cell receptors. Acquired= excess fat intake, obesity, sedentary life style, excess refined sugar intake

Type 3 DM= Acquired= Malnutrition, Alcohol, Cigarette smoking and pancreatic infections that causes pancreatic fibrosis and pancreatic calcifications

CAUSES OF DIABETES MELLITUS

Gestational DM= Associated with pregnancy in pregnant women without a previous HX of DM and it resolves after birth. Heavy meat eaters, excess refine sugar intake, sedentary life style and obesity during pregnancy. usually manifest after 28wks of pregnancy

Majority of these people are asymptomatic and are only picked during routine investigation

For those who had gestational DM, it becomes recurrent during subsequent pregnancies

CAUSES OF DIABETES INSIPIDUS

Central DI= caused by damage to the pituitary glands

Nephrogenic Di= caused by kidney diseases like polycystic kidney disease and drugs like lithium

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES MELLITUS

POLYURIA

POLYDIPSIA

POLYPHAGIA

WEIGHT LOSS IRRESPECTIVE OF INCREASED APPETITE (IN TYPE 1 DM)

OBESITY (IN TYPE 2 DM)

HAIR LOSS

CATARACT

KETON BREATH

HEPATOMEGALY (DUE TO FATTY INFILTRATION OF THE LIVER)

MUSCLE WASTING

NUMBNESS

DIAGNOSIS OF DIABETES MELLITUS

FBS > 7.7MMOL/L (> 140mg/dl)

RBS . 11.1 MOL/L(> 200mg/dl

INVASION OF URINE RECENTLY VOIDED BY ANTS

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES INSIPIDUS

POLYURIA

POLYDIPSIA

NON INVASION OF URINE RECENTLY VOIDED BY ANTS

NORMAL FBS AND RBS

COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES

ON THE CNS

DIABETIC ENCEPHALOPATHY

STROKE

ON THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

DIABETIC NEUROPATHY

ON THE EYES

DIABETIC RETINOPATHY

BLURRED VISION

BLINDNESS

ON THE CVS

CARDIAC  DISEASES

VASCULAR DISEASES LIKE CAD AND PAD

ON THE KIDNEYS

RENAL STENOSIS

DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY

RENAL FAILURE

ON THE SKIN

SKIN RASHES (DIABETIC DERMADROMES)

DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS IF NOT TAKEN GOOD CARE OF =>GANGRENOUS FOOT => LEG AMPUTATION

PREVENTION OF DIABETES

TYPE 1 DM WHICH HAS A GENETIC CAUSE IS UNPREVENTABLE

TYPE 2 DM CAUSED BY EXCESS FAT INTAKE, OBESITY, INCREASED REFINE SUGAR INTAKE, SEDENTARY LIFE STYLE

TYPE 3 DM CAUSED BY MALNUTRITION, CIGARETTE SMOKING AND ALCOHOL INTAKE

GESTATIONAL DM CAUSED BY EXCESS FAT INTAKE, ALCOHOL INTAKE, OBESITY, INCREASE REFINE SUGAR INTAKE DURING PREGNANCY

 IF YOU HAVE THESE SYMPTOMS AND YOU HAVE BEEN LOOKING FOR SOLUTIONS TO THESE SYMPTOMS I ASSURE YOU THAT YOUR SOLUTION IS HERE

 SIMPLY CONTACT ME BECAUSE I'M A SPECIALIST IN THIS FIELD

YOU CAN REACH ME ON:

NAME- DR ONWUEGBUCHULAM ONYEKACHI

PHONE NO- +2348035689655

EMAIL - mentalhealthsolutions1981@gmail.com

SKYPE- kachiben19811 

WHATSAPP- +2348035689655

MY BBM PIN - D1C58FC5 OR7be1e956